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For example, the depletion of Atlantic Cod is a result of over exploitation and unmanaged extraction ( Finlayson and McCay 1998) in a global market.Įxternalities, influences that reach outside of an activity domain, can traverse between global, regional, and local scales and influence local commons. There is a high likelihood that rapid extraction under globalization can deplete commons for short-term gains. This increased trade and market openness has the potential to impact local commons ( Ehrenfield 2005) and could spur environmental investments. 1999), multilateral trade, and higher financial openness ( Li and Reuveny 2003). It brings in increased flow of information ( Held et al.
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Aquatic commons are a focus to demonstrate the use of this framework.Ĭountries adopt globalization, the process of growing integration of economies and societies around the world ( Sheehan 2010), to improve their economic status through gains from trade ( Bhagwati 2000). This study aims to review these impacts and develops an ecosystems-based, multi-scale framework to manage local commons exposed to globalization. National policies that focus on short-term economic gains, often place low priority to resilience building and enhancement of coping mechanisms of local commons at multiple scales. Additional stress to these systems include growth in population demand on commons ( Burger and Gochfeld 1998) and, increased and frequent impacts from climatic stressors ( IPCC 2007).
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Identification of strategies that enhance ecological and institutional resilience of local and regional social and ecological systems can increase the adaptive capacity of local commons to withstand potential stressors and unsustainable exploitation. Without effective governance and regulatory mechanism, globalization may intensify environmental harm ( Nordstrom and Vaughan 1999). These commons face increasing stress from rapidly changing environments and there is a need to minimize unintended consequences (negative externalities) of globalization. Unmanaged exploitation ( Hardin 1968, 1994) of water, timber, wildlife, tourism, and forest products can influence the capacity of these local commons to sustain these services. Local commons are highly vulnerable to the impacts of globalization, especially under increasing pressure for extracting ecosystem products and services to supply local and global markets.
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Minimize impacts of globalization using information on multiattribute processes,Įquity considerations, development of robust institutions, and effective strategies Increased resilience through ecosystem-based approach can Through multi-scale adaptation strategies can inform decisions at the national, The need for increasing resilience of commons UsingĪ global dataset of selected indicators, a general decline is observable in localĬommons that face globalization. Local participationĪnd multi-disciplinary information are critical in achieving sustainability. In socioeconomic and ecological processes of commons. Interactions and multi-scale processes to evaluate inter and intra scale changes (MEF) that incorporates information on ecosystem components, socioeconomic This study proposes a multiscale ecosystem framework Local institutions, these resources are at high risk of exploitation, especially toįeed global markets. Reducing sustainability of ecosystems and their vital services. Globalization can have substantial impact on local commons by